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Applications
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Contents
Water
Oil and
gas
Fractures, landslides
Gas accumulation in coal beds
Ecologic investigations
Ores
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The
development of the PMRSE technology has always been tightly linked with its
practical application. The technology has been upgraded taking into account both
the mistakes and the positive experience gained when solving practical tasks at
sites where alternative investigations using traditional methods were carried
out.
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Water
Figures
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The
PMRSE biggest success and longest history can be related to searches of fracture
and fracture-karst groundwater in the
Crimea
, where the validity and success of findings showing the location of the well to
be drilled and the depth of aquifers exceed 90%.
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Oil and gas
Figures
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One
of the assets of the technology is the opinion given in 1995 (as an alternative
to the one stated by "Unical" Company) about the absence of any oil
and gas reserves at Burnasskaya site in
Odessa
region. The well drilled there on the basis of the recommendations of the above
company gave no positive results. The investigations performed in
1997 in
the Northwestern sector of the
Black Sea
shelf by the order of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine were also successful
for the technology. Hydrocarbon anomalies detected there using the PMRSE
technology from board of a research vessel confirmed the perspectives for oil
and gas in a number of structures known from the findings of traditional
geophysics. The validity of the PMRSE findings was confirmed by the test
drilling performed before.
The
technology abilities for exploration of oil and gas fields were also tested in
Russia
at the explored sites of "Polar Lights" Company in 1997 and "Lookoil"
Company in
Western Siberia
in 1998. The investigations were performed from board of "MI-
8
helicopter following the routes outlined by the representatives of the Company.
The results of the investigations confirmed all the known productive structures
however their borders were detected with some anticipation. At "Lookoil"
Company sites the validity of the PMRSE findings was judged from the number of
productive and empty wells which turned out to be inside or outside the
delineated deposit borders. At different fields the success probability was
different varying from 60 to 100%.
In
2000 after some technology upgrading the route exploration for oil and gas and a
few vertical soundings from board of "MI-8" helicopter were performed
within Mezen syneclise for a joint-stock company "Arkhangelskgeoldobycha".
Based on the findings of these investigations there were obtained some promising
results indicating the perspectives for oil and gas in a number of structures,
which had been detected using seismic methods, and several productive horizons
overlying the rocks of crystalline foundation. The hydrocarbon anomalies
detected using biogeophysical methods coincided either with wings or roofs of
separate structures. This relationship can be explained by different depth and
peculiarities of areal distribution of some productive horizons.
The
PMRSE investigations performed in 2002-2003 at some explored oil and gas fields
in
Ukraine
(the Crimea, the regions of
Poltava
and
Sumy
) confirmed the available information about the boundaries, composition, and
spatial variability of hydrocarbon deposits, location of water-oil contacts as
well as allowed to infer some new conclusions about the structure of those
deposits. Those findings were of great importance when decisions about putting
into operation the existing wells and selecting spots for drilling new ones were
to be taken. The passive magnetic resonance soundings confirmed the location of
all productive horizons, which had been tested in prospecting holes. Besides,
some vertical soundings showed new hydrocarbon horizons, which had been missed
or not tested during the deposit exploration. The magnetic resonance subsurface
explorations showed a number of new oil and gas bearing structures in the Crimea
and on the
Black Sea
shelf in the areas earlier considered as unpromising.
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Fractures, landslides
Figures
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On
the
territory
of
Ukraine
the PMRSE technology has a positive experience of application in city settings
with a high level of noise where application of traditional geophysical methods
is rather complicated. In 1995-1996 the present technology was used to do the
mapping of active fractures in the cities of
Kerch
and
Simferopol
for the purpose of seismic zoning. The validity of the detected fractures was
confirmed by direct observations, where the fractures could be traced up on the
open territory, morphostructural and tectonophysical calculations as well as
observations over spatial distribution of advanced deformation of buildings.
Rather
valuable is the experience of the technology application in areas with a
disturbed ecosystem and complex environmental settings. In this case it is very
important to discover the natural conditions, which with an increased
technogeneous (man-caused) impact can lead to natural-technogeneous disasters.
For instance, in the city of
Dnepropetrovsk
(
Ukraine
) when investigating the reasons of a disastrous landslide-flow, which destroyed
a few buildings in a micro-district Topol-
1 in
1997, the investigations using this technology showed the areas of the maximum
development of loess underflooding over buried fractures and relief lowerings in
crystalline rocks. The direct observations showed that subsidence deformations
of buildings are more often found in such areas. And the landslide-flow which
had disastrous consequences was formed as a result of full loess liquefaction
down to a considerable depth.
During
the elimination of an emergency situation which appeared as a result of
landslide shifts at one of the sections of the highway Sevastopol-Yalta in 1997
biophysical investigations determined that the landslide detachment surfaces
were structurally confined to the fractured zone of recent activation and that
the landslide was mostly fed by the groundwater along tectonic fractures.
According to tectonophysical data the mechanical stress, which resulted in a
landslide shift, and tectonic stresses in the zone of the recent fracture had
common features. These investigations had a great value for taking an immediate
project decision and were later confirmed by drilling.
Application
of the PMRSE technology allowed to determine the main reason of destructive
deformities in Odessa Opera and Ballet Theater, the world known architectural
monument. Most of the specialists dealing with the problem were inclined to
think that the deformities in Odessa Opera and Ballet Theater were caused by the
phenomena of subsidence of loess soil in its foundation. After analyzing the
PMRSE findings as well as a spatial distribution of deformities in other
buildings on the explored territory it was determined that the theater building
was located at the head of a developing landslide and its emergency state was
caused by the activation of the landsliding processes.
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Gas accumulation in coal beds
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In
2003-2004 the technology was tested and subsequently applied at Donbass coal
mines (named after О.F.Zasyadko,
Belorechenska) for the purpose of determining gas content in coal beds and
surrounding rocks prior to coalface advancement. What is essential, the
technology allowed to determine the presence of entrapped methane, which can be
released when massif continuity is disturbed during the advancement.
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Ecologic
investigations
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In
the
United States
of all the mentioned abilities of the technology the major interest was
attracted to its application in the environmental programs and particularly its
ability to investigate groundwater and soil chemical contamination. The ultimate
goal of any environmental program in the
U.S.
is the development of comprehensive and efficient operative systems of the
environmental management and remediation. Thats why when performing
monitoring investigations it is very important to highlight all the problems
connected with contamination of a specific area. The interest shown in the PMRSE
technology can be explained by its efficient application not only for
characterizing the contamination itself but also for studying
geologic-structural and hydrogeological settings controlling contaminant
migration as well as for defining the degree of risk for the population. The
first investigations of the underground water and soil contamination by oil
products using the PMRSE technology were performed in the
United States
jointly with "TERRA VAC" company in 1995-1998.
In
2000 with all possible assistance of the Department of Energy (DOE) and the
direct participation of the company Pollution Prevention Associates, Inc.(P2A)
the technology passed field tests at the following hazardous waste sites: 1)
Oakridge
East
Tennessee
Technology
Park
; 2)
Ashtabula
Environmental Management Program (EarthLink Inc.); and 3) Fernald
Environmental Management Program (Fluor Fernald Inc.). At each of the sites the
technology tests were different in their contents but had a common goal to
determine if the technology could be applied for ecological monitoring. The
tests demonstrated the technology abilities to investigate the distribution and
concentration changes of contaminants of concern in plan and in cross-section,
study the peculiarities of the cross-section of surrounding rocks, determine the
location of groundwater and its flow direction, study geologic-structural
settings (tectonical faults, fractured zones etc.) controlling the distribution
of chemical contamination. At the DOE sites the investigations of soil
contamination by chlorinated hydrocarbons (TCE, DCE), uranium (238U), technetium
(99Tc) and beryllium (Be) were carried out.
In
2002 in
San Bernardino
(
California
) with participation of Pollution Prevention Associates, Inc. (P2A) the PMRSE
technology demonstrated its high efficiency for investigating the spreading of
plumes of NH4ClO4 chemical contamination in the ground water near water intakes.
As a result of the conducted investigations the location of the sources of
contamination, their depth, area and geological settings of chemical
contamination spreading were explored.
Environmental
investigations were also performed in Ukraine in 2005 for LLC Scientific and
Production Enterprise "Center for ecological audit and clean technologies"
(Dnepropetrovsk city) The task of the investigations was to determine the effect
of tailing dumps of iron-ore
dressing
and processing enterprises on the chemical composition of the underground water
on the adjacent territories. A high precision between the PMRSE remote
measurements of the groundwater chemical composition and the laboratory chemical
tests was obtained.
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Ores
Figures
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In
2005-2006 the technology was successfully applied in prospecting for metallic
ores and nonferrous metals. Exploration of the residual resources of chromites
was conducted at Yuzhno-Peschansk deposit in Chelyabinska region (
Russia
). Similar explorations estimating the resources of ventilated chromite ores
were carried out in
Ukraine
for Pobuzhsk ore-dressing and processing enterprise. Prospecting works for
placer gold were conducted for closed corporation "International mining
company" (
Moscow
) in
South Kirgizia
. In 2006 prospecting for molybdenum mineralization was conducted with high
efficiency for KP "Yuzhukrgeologuiya" (
Dnepropetrovsk
city,
Ukraine
). On the land plot suggested for prospecting molybdenite mineralization was
delineated at different depth levels using the method of areal investigations
whereas its structural peculiarities in section were studied using vertical
soundings. High veracity of the results was confirmed by drilling.
On
one of the promising areas in
Dnepropetrovsk
region,
Ukraine
, delineation of rich manganese ores was performed using the maximum content of
polianite. Also, works on the preliminary estimate of various mineral resources
in tailing dumps of ore-dressing and processing enterprises, ash dumps of
thermal power plants were carried out.
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In
Ukraine
(the cities of
Yalta
,
Sevastopol
, Zaporozh'e) the technology was also successfully applied for investigating the
composition and density of soil, bedding depth of the underground water as well
as for detecting buried fractured zones on the land plots under development.
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The
present list of works done using the PMRSE technology is far from being a
complete one. Here the results of only some of them are mentioned. In the period
from 1995 up to now the technology has been undergoing considerable changes
including its theoretical substantiation, instrumentware as well as the
possibilities of its practical application.
In
these years the technology has gone its way of
formation from dowsing (divining, biolocation, biophysical investigations
methods belonging to psychics only) up to a science-based method of geophysical
investigations with instrumentware, which in its practical application exceeds
the possibilities of traditional geophysical methods.
That
is why the examples of the PMRSE investigations performed in different years
vary in the form of presentation of the results as well as their information
value.
At
present this is the third generation of the electronic equipment that has been
developed in the past three years. This technology advance allowed to pass from
relative measurements of the intensity of magnetic resonance anomalies to the
measurements of density of rocks in their natural occurrence and remote
quantitative measurements of the content of different substances in the
underground objects. By using the updated equipment we have achieved a higher
accuracy of determination of the bedding depth of underground objects and a
reliable reproducibility of the results of measurements by different operators
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